Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women globally and remains a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. It originates in the ducts or lobules of the breast and can spread to lymph nodes and other organs if not detected early.

At Primax Hospital, our oncology team offers personalized treatment plans for all stages of breast cancer, integrating diagnostic imaging, pathology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, and reconstructive services. We prioritize early detection, breast-conserving treatments, and comprehensive rehabilitation to support patient recovery and quality of life.

Types of Breast Cancer

• – Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) – non-invasive form confined to milk ducts.
• – Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) – most common, spreads beyond the ducts.
• – Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC) – begins in lobules and spreads.
• – Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) – aggressive, lacks hormone receptors.
• – HER2-Positive Breast Cancer – driven by overexpression of HER2 protein.
• – Inflammatory Breast Cancer – rare, aggressive, appears as breast swelling/redness.
• – Metastatic Breast Cancer – has spread to bones, liver, lungs, or brain.

Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

• – Lump or mass in the breast or underarm.
• – Change in breast size, shape, or contour.
• – Nipple discharge (bloody or clear).
• – Skin dimpling or puckering.
• – Nipple inversion or changes.
• – Redness or flaking of nipple or breast skin.
• – Persistent breast pain or tenderness.

Causes and Risk Factors

• – Family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
• – BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations.
• – Age above 50 years.
• – Early menstruation or late menopause.
• – Use of hormone replacement therapy.
• – Obesity and physical inactivity.
• – Alcohol consumption and smoking.
• – Radiation exposure to chest area.

Breast Cancer Diagnosis at Primax

• – Clinical Breast Examination by trained oncologist.
• – Mammography – primary screening tool.
• – Breast Ultrasound – useful in dense breast tissue.
• – MRI Breast – for high-risk individuals or complex cases.
• – Core Needle Biopsy – for histopathology and receptor testing.
• – Immunohistochemistry – ER, PR, HER2 status for treatment planning.
• – Genetic testing – for BRCA mutations in select patients.

Advanced Treatment Options at Primax Hospital

• – Chemotherapy – for early-stage and advanced disease.
• – Hormonal Therapy – tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors for ER/PR-positive cancers.
• – Targeted Therapy – trastuzumab, pertuzumab, CDK4/6 inhibitors for HER2+ tumors.
• – Immunotherapy – used in triple-negative breast cancer with PD-L1 expression.
• – Breast-Conserving Surgery (Lumpectomy) or Mastectomy – based on disease extent.
• – Reconstructive Surgery – for aesthetic and psychological recovery.
• – Radiation Therapy – to destroy residual cancer post-surgery.

Post-Treatment Monitoring and Support

• – Routine mammography or MRI every 6–12 months.
• – Clinical exam and blood tests to monitor recurrence.
• – Evaluation for bone density if on hormonal therapy.
• – Lymphedema prevention and physiotherapy.
• – Counseling for body image, mental health, and survivorship.
• – Support groups and cancer navigator services.

Prevention and Early Detection

• – Regular breast self-exams and annual screenings.
• – Healthy lifestyle with balanced diet and exercise.
• – Limit alcohol intake and avoid smoking.
• – Consider prophylactic surgery for high-risk BRCA mutation carriers.
• – Genetic counseling for women with strong family history.
• – Breastfeeding reduces risk of breast cancer.

Why Choose Primax for Breast Cancer Care?

• – Integrated breast cancer unit with advanced diagnostics.
• – Experienced oncologists, surgeons, and radiologists.
• – Targeted and hormonal therapies tailored to molecular profile.
• – Oncoplastic and reconstructive breast surgery.
• – Dedicated psychological and rehabilitation support for recovery.

Don’t Delay – Early Detection Saves Lives

Breast cancer is treatable and often curable when caught early. If you or someone you know is due for a screening or has symptoms, consult the specialists at Primax Hospital. Call 9666 46 0009 or visit www.primaxhospital.com to schedule your appointment.

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the colon or rectum, located at the lower end of the digestive tract. This cancer usually begins as small, noncancerous (benign) clusters of cells called polyps that form on the inner walls of the colon or rectum. Over time, some of these polyps can become cancerous. Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer globally, affecting both men and women. When detected early, colorectal cancer is highly treatable and often curable. At Primax Hospital, our Medical Oncology Department uses the latest advancements in cancer diagnostics and treatment to provide individualized care plans that include chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies.

Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

• – A persistent change in bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation.
• – Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
• – Persistent abdominal discomfort such as cramps, gas, or pain.
• – A feeling that the bowel doesn’t empty completely.
• – Weakness or fatigue.
• – Unexplained weight loss.
• – Iron-deficiency anemia, particularly in older adults.

Risk Factors and Causes

• – Age: People over 50 are at increased risk.
• – Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps.
• – Personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
• – Inherited syndromes such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
• – Diet low in fiber and high in red or processed meats.
• – Sedentary lifestyle.
• – Obesity.
• – Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption.
• – Type 2 diabetes.

Types of Colorectal Cancer

• – Adenocarcinomas: The most common form, originating in mucus-secreting glands.
• – Carcinoid tumors: Develop from hormone-producing cells in the intestine.
• – Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Rare tumors that form in the connective tissues.
• – Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system that may begin in the colon or rectum.
• – Sarcomas: Rare cancers that start in the blood vessels or muscle layers of the colon and rectum.

Diagnosis at Primax Hospital

• – Colonoscopy: The gold standard for identifying polyps and cancers.
• – Biopsy: Tissue samples taken during colonoscopy are examined for cancer cells.
• – CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy): A less invasive imaging test.
• – MRI of the pelvis: Used especially for rectal cancer staging.
• – CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) blood test: A tumor marker used in monitoring treatment.
• – Genetic and molecular testing: Detects mutations such as KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and MSI status.

Treatment Options at Primax

• – Chemotherapy: Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery to shrink or kill remaining cancer cells.
• – Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific genetic changes in cancer cells.
• – Immunotherapy: Used in advanced-stage colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H).
• – Surgical Referral: Coordination with GI oncosurgeons for complete tumor removal when needed.
• – Palliative Chemotherapy: For cases where cure is not possible but quality of life and survival can be extended.

Post-Treatment Monitoring and Follow-up

• – Routine CEA blood tests every 3–6 months in the first 2 years.
• – Annual CT scans for 3–5 years to detect recurrence.
• – Colonoscopy 1 year after surgery and then at regular intervals.
• – Nutritional counseling and support to prevent recurrence.
• – Psychosocial support and rehabilitation.

Prevention and Lifestyle Modifications

• – Get screened regularly starting at age 45 or earlier if there’s a family history.
• – Maintain a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• – Exercise regularly.
• – Limit red and processed meat intake.
• – Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
• – Maintain a healthy weight.
• – Control blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.

Why Choose Primax for Colorectal Cancer Care?

• – Multidisciplinary approach with oncologists, GI surgeons, and dietitians.
• – In-house diagnostics and colonoscopy facilities.
• – Customized treatment protocols using the latest chemotherapy and targeted agents.
• – Compassionate care with a focus on patient dignity.
• – Local access to world-class oncology expertise, eliminating the need for travel to Delhi.

Take Action – Early Screening Saves Lives

If you experience blood in stool, abdominal discomfort, or changes in bowel habits, don’t wait. Book your consultation with the Oncology Department at Primax Hospital today. Call 9666 46 0009 or visit www.primaxhospital.com to schedule an appointment.

Blood Cancers (Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma)

Blood cancers are malignancies that originate in the bone marrow, lymphatic system, or blood itself. They affect the body’s ability to produce and regulate blood cells, leading to a wide range of symptoms, from infections to bleeding disorders and immune dysfunction. The three main categories include leukemia (cancer of the blood-forming tissues), lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), and multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow).

At Primax Hospital, we specialize in diagnosing and treating all types of hematologic malignancies using modern medical oncology protocols including advanced chemotherapy regimens, monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators, and precision diagnostics. Our patient-centric model ensures comprehensive support—both clinical and emotional—throughout the treatment journey.

Types of Blood Cancers

• – Leukemia – cancer of the white blood cells or bone marrow. Subtypes include Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
• – Lymphoma – cancer of the lymphatic system. Major types include Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).
• – Multiple Myeloma – cancer of plasma cells that affects bone marrow and weakens bones.

Common Symptoms

• – Persistent fatigue or weakness.
• – Frequent or unexplained infections.
• – Fever, chills, and night sweats.
• – Unexplained weight loss.
• – Easy bruising or bleeding (nosebleeds, gum bleeding).
• – Bone pain, especially in back or ribs.
• – Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin.
• – Enlarged liver or spleen.

Risk Factors and Causes

• – Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals (e.g., benzene).
• – Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
• – Genetic predisposition or chromosomal abnormalities.
• – Weakened immune system or autoimmune disorders.
• – Viral infections (e.g., HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr Virus).
• – Smoking (linked especially with AML).

Diagnostic Evaluation at Primax

• – Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Peripheral Smear.
• – Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy.
• – Flow Cytometry and Immunophenotyping.
• – Cytogenetic and Molecular Testing (e.g., BCR-ABL, FLT3, JAK2).
• – PET-CT and CT scans for lymphoma staging.
• – Serum protein electrophoresis and free light chains (for multiple myeloma).

Treatment at Primax Hospital

• – Chemotherapy – conventional multi-agent regimens for all blood cancer types.
• – Targeted Therapy – drugs such as imatinib (CML), ibrutinib (CLL), venetoclax, and others.
• – Immunotherapy – monoclonal antibodies (e.g., rituximab, daratumumab), CAR-T cell therapy referrals.
• – Steroid Therapy – often used in combination with other treatments.
• – Bone Marrow Transplant – referral-based treatment in eligible patients.
• – Supportive Care – includes blood transfusions, growth factors, antifungals, antibiotics, and nutritional support.

Monitoring and Follow-Up

• – Regular CBC and marrow assessments.
• – Monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) where applicable.
• – Imaging (PET/CT) to assess lymphoma remission status.
• – Managing long-term therapy side effects like infections, anemia, and neuropathy.
• – Survivorship care planning and counseling.

Can Blood Cancers Be Prevented?

Unlike many solid tumors, most blood cancers have no clearly preventable causes. However, minimizing exposure to harmful chemicals, radiation, and infections—along with prompt evaluation of persistent symptoms—can lead to early diagnosis. Genetic counseling may be advised for families with known mutations.

Why Choose Primax for Blood Cancer Care?

• – In-house hematology diagnostics including flow cytometry and molecular panels.
• – Experienced oncologists trained in complex hematologic cancer management.
• – Access to modern therapies including targeted agents and monoclonal antibodies.
• – Customized treatment plans with patient comfort in mind.
• – Post-treatment support including rehabilitation, physiotherapy, and counseling.

Seek Expert Help for Blood-Related Symptoms

If you or a loved one are experiencing prolonged fatigue, recurrent infections, or unexplained bleeding, don’t ignore it. Contact the Oncology team at Primax Hospital for a thorough evaluation. Call 9666 46 0009 or visit www.primaxhospital.com.

Head and Neck Cancers

Head and neck cancers encompass a diverse group of malignancies that originate in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, sinuses, salivary glands, and associated lymph nodes. These cancers are often linked to tobacco and alcohol use, as well as infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection is crucial, as tumors in this region can significantly affect speech, swallowing, breathing, and overall quality of life.

Primax Hospital takes a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of head and neck cancers, integrating medical oncology, surgical oncology, ENT specialists, and speech therapy experts. We offer chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and advanced palliative care with the goal of preserving function and achieving the best possible outcomes.

Common Sites and Types of Head and Neck Cancers

• – Oral Cavity Cancer – affects the lips, tongue, floor of the mouth, and inner cheeks.
• – Oropharyngeal Cancer – includes the tonsils and base of the tongue; often HPV-associated.
• – Laryngeal Cancer – involves the voice box and affects speech.
• – Hypopharyngeal Cancer – starts in the lower part of the throat.
• – Nasopharyngeal Cancer – arises behind the nose, linked to EBV infection.
• – Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer – rare tumors in air-filled spaces around the nose.
• – Salivary Gland Tumors – may be benign or malignant.

Signs and Symptoms to Watch For

• – Persistent sore throat or hoarseness.
• – Lump in the neck or throat.
• – Difficulty swallowing or breathing.
• – Chronic ear pain or hearing loss.
• – Mouth sores that don’t heal.
• – Bleeding from the nose or mouth.
• – Unexplained weight loss or fatigue.
• – Change in voice or speech difficulty.

Risk Factors and Causes

• – Tobacco use (smoking or chewing).
• – Heavy alcohol consumption.
• – HPV infection (especially HPV-16).
• – Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection.
• – Poor oral hygiene and dental issues.
• – Exposure to certain workplace chemicals and wood dust.
• – Radiation exposure to head and neck area.
• – Genetic predisposition or immune suppression.

Diagnostic Facilities at Primax

• – ENT examination and fiber-optic laryngoscopy.
• – CT scan or MRI of the head and neck region.
• – PET-CT for staging and detecting distant spread.
• – Biopsy of suspicious mass or lesion.
• – FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) of lymph nodes.
• – HPV and EBV testing (where applicable).

Treatment Options at Primax Hospital

• – Neoadjuvant chemotherapy to shrink tumors before surgery or radiation.
• – Concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced cases.
• – Targeted therapy (e.g., cetuximab) for EGFR-positive tumors.
• – Immunotherapy (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab) for recurrent or metastatic cases.
• – Coordination with ENT/Oncosurgery teams for resectable tumors.
• – Nutritional support, dental care, and speech rehabilitation.

Monitoring, Rehabilitation, and Follow-Up

• – Regular imaging and endoscopic evaluation.
• – Thyroid function tests if radiation was given to the neck.
• – Speech and swallowing therapy sessions.
• – Dental check-ups and preventive oral care.
• – Psychological support for anxiety, depression, and appearance changes.

Prevention and Lifestyle Measures

• – Quit smoking and avoid tobacco in all forms.
• – Limit or eliminate alcohol consumption.
• – Maintain good oral hygiene.
• – Get vaccinated against HPV.
• – Regular dental check-ups.
• – Use protective gear if exposed to chemicals.
• – Early evaluation of persistent sore throat or lumps.

Why Choose Primax for Head and Neck Cancers?

• – Experienced oncologists and ENT collaboration.
• – On-site diagnostics, biopsy, and endoscopic evaluations.
• – Access to advanced therapies including immunotherapy.
• – Patient-focused care with speech and nutrition support.
• – Integrated approach to preserve function and aesthetics.

Speak Freely. Eat Comfortably. Live Fully.

Head and neck cancers can affect essential daily functions. Early diagnosis and comprehensive care make all the difference. Consult the Medical Oncology team at Primax Hospital—call 9666 46 0009 or visit www.primaxhospital.com to book an appointment.

Gastrointestinal Cancers (Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Esophagus)

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a group of malignancies that affect the digestive tract and associated organs. These include the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, and rectum. GI cancers are among the most common types of cancer worldwide and can vary greatly in their biology, presentation, and treatment approach.

Primax Hospital’s Medical Oncology Department is equipped to manage all types of GI cancers with a multidisciplinary approach. From diagnostics and staging to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted treatments, our oncology team works closely with GI surgeons and radiologists to deliver coordinated and individualized care.

Types and Locations of GI Cancers

• – Esophageal Cancer – arising in the food pipe, typically squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
• – Stomach (Gastric) Cancer – often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection or dietary factors.
• – Pancreatic Cancer – an aggressive tumor that may arise in the head, body, or tail of the pancreas.
• – Liver Cancer – includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma.
• – Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Cancers – often silent in early stages.
• – Small Intestine Cancer – rare, includes adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, and GIST.
• – Colorectal Cancer – discussed separately in earlier sections.

General Symptoms of GI Cancers

• – Unexplained weight loss.
• – Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort.
• – Loss of appetite or early satiety.
• – Nausea, vomiting, or bloating.
• – Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) in esophageal cancer.
• – Dark or tarry stools (melena), blood in stools or vomit.
• – Jaundice (yellowing of eyes and skin) – especially in liver and pancreatic cancer.
• – Fatigue and anemia.

Risk Factors for GI Cancers

• – Age over 50 years.
• – Smoking and alcohol use.
• – Chronic infections (H. pylori for stomach, HBV/HCV for liver).
• – Diet high in salt, nitrates, or processed meat.
• – Family history or genetic syndromes (e.g., Lynch syndrome, FAP).
• – Chronic pancreatitis or liver cirrhosis.
• – Obesity and diabetes.
• – Exposure to industrial toxins or aflatoxins.

Diagnostic Facilities at Primax

• – Upper GI endoscopy with biopsy.
• – Colonoscopy (for colorectal involvement).
• – Abdominal ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT scan.
• – MRI and MRCP for pancreaticobiliary imaging.
• – PET-CT for staging and metastasis evaluation.
• – Tumor markers: CEA, CA 19-9, AFP, etc.
• – Liver function tests, viral markers (HBV, HCV).

Treatment Strategies at Primax Hospital

• – Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation to shrink tumors before surgery.
• – Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery to reduce recurrence.
• – Systemic chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic disease.
• – Targeted therapy for HER2-positive gastric cancer, VEGF/EGFR inhibitors for colorectal and liver cancers.
• – Immunotherapy for MSI-high or PD-L1 positive tumors.
• – Palliative procedures: stenting, biliary drainage, pain relief.

Post-Treatment Monitoring and Rehabilitation

• – Tumor marker monitoring every 3–6 months.
• – Imaging to assess recurrence or metastasis.
• – Nutritional support to manage digestive changes.
• – Liver function monitoring in hepatic cancers.
• – Psychological counseling and pain management.

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

• – Avoid tobacco and excessive alcohol.
• – Maintain a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
• – Limit intake of salted, smoked, and processed foods.
• – Treat chronic infections like H. pylori, hepatitis B & C early.
• – Regular screening for high-risk individuals.
• – Exercise regularly and maintain ideal body weight.

Why Choose Primax for Gastrointestinal Cancers?

• – Full-spectrum diagnostic imaging and endoscopy in-house.
• – Experienced oncologists with GI-specific expertise.
• – Close coordination with surgical and radiology departments.
• – Nutritional and rehabilitative care during and after treatment.
• – Advanced chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted agents.

Digestive Discomfort Could Be More Than Indigestion – Get Checked

Persistent stomach pain, jaundice, or weight loss should not be ignored. Get evaluated by our oncology experts at Primax Hospital. Call 9666 46 0009 or visit www.primaxhospital.com to schedule your consultation today.