Gynecology and obstetrics related disorders

👩‍⚕️ Gynecology & Obstetrics – Expert Women’s Health Care Across All Life Stages

At Primax Gastro Institute & Superspeciality Hospital, our Gynecology and Obstetrics Department is committed to delivering compassionate, evidence-based care for women at every stage of life—from adolescence through menopause and beyond. With a team of experienced gynecologists and obstetricians, we offer comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for all gynecological and pregnancy-related conditions, under one roof.

Our services range from routine antenatal checkups and high-risk pregnancy management to the treatment of menstrual disorders, infertility, uterine fibroids, PCOD, endometriosis, and menopausal care. We are equipped with modern labor rooms, emergency obstetric support, and advanced surgical facilities to handle both elective and emergency cases with safety and precision.

Whether you’re planning a pregnancy, managing a chronic gynecological condition, or seeking preventive women’s healthcare, Primax ensures a safe, respectful, and personalized experience every step of the way.

Conditions

Obstetrics is a specialized branch of medicine that focuses on pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care. It ensures the health and well-being of both the mother and baby throughout the journey of pregnancy, labor, and recovery. With expert medical care, advanced technology, and personalized support, obstetricians help manage both normal and high-risk pregnancies for a safe and smooth delivery.

Causes

While pregnancy is a natural process, several factors can influence maternal and fetal health, including:

Maternal Age – Risks increase in teenage pregnancies and mothers above 35.
Pre-existing Health Conditions – Hypertension, diabetes, or thyroid disorders can complicate pregnancy.
Genetic Factors – Family history of genetic disorders may require specialized screening.
Lifestyle Choices – Smoking, alcohol, poor diet, and stress can affect fetal development.
Infections & Environmental Factors – Exposure to certain infections and pollutants may impact pregnancy outcomes.

Symptoms

Pregnancy brings about various physical and hormonal changes. While most symptoms are normal, some may indicate underlying concerns.

Early Pregnancy Symptoms – Nausea, vomiting (morning sickness), fatigue, and mood swings.
Physical Discomforts – Back pain, swelling, heartburn, and frequent urination.
Gestational Diabetes – High blood sugar levels during pregnancy requiring dietary or medical management.
Preeclampsia – High blood pressure with swelling and protein in urine, which may require monitoring.
Preterm Labor – Contractions and labor symptoms before 37 weeks, needing urgent medical attention.

Diagnosis

At Primax Gastro Institute & Superspeciality Hospital, we provide advanced prenatal screenings and diagnostic tests to ensure maternal and fetal health, including:

Ultrasound Scans – Regular fetal growth monitoring.
Blood Tests – To detect anemia, infections, and gestational diabetes.
Genetic Screening – Tests for chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome, thalassemia, etc.).
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring – Ensuring proper oxygen supply to the baby.
Amniocentesis & Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) – For high-risk pregnancies requiring genetic analysis.

Treatment

Prenatal Care & Pregnancy Management
- Routine antenatal checkups to monitor mother and baby.
- Personalized diet and nutrition plans for a healthy pregnancy.
- Management of high-risk pregnancies with specialized care.
Labor & Delivery Services
- Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD) – Encouraging natural childbirth whenever possible.
- Cesarean Section (C-Section) – Safe surgical delivery for medical indications.
- Painless Delivery (Epidural Anesthesia) – Pain relief options during labor.
Postpartum & Newborn Care
- Recovery support, breastfeeding guidance, and emotional well-being assistance.
- Neonatal care for newborns requiring special attention.

A laparoscopic hysterectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove the uterus using small incisions and a camera-guided approach. This advanced technique offers less pain, faster recovery, and minimal scarring compared to traditional open surgery. It is commonly performed to treat conditions like fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse, chronic pelvic pain, and abnormal bleeding.

Causes

A hysterectomy may be recommended for various gynecological conditions, including:

Uterine Fibroids – Noncancerous growths that cause heavy bleeding and pain.
Endometriosis – Abnormal tissue growth outside the uterus, leading to pain and infertility.
Chronic Pelvic Pain – Severe pain due to gynecological disorders.
Uterine Prolapse – When the uterus descends into the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic muscles.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding – Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding unresponsive to medication.
Gynecologic Cancers – Such as uterine, cervical, or ovarian cancer in certain cases.

Symptoms

Patients experiencing the following symptoms may require surgical intervention:

Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
Severe pelvic pain and cramping.
Painful intercourse.
Frequent urination or pressure on the bladder.
Difficulty in bowel movements due to pelvic pressure.

Diagnosis

At Primax Gastro Institute & Superspeciality Hospital, we conduct a thorough diagnostic evaluation before recommending surgery:

Pelvic Ultrasound & MRI – To assess fibroids, endometriosis, and uterine abnormalities.
Pap Smear & Biopsy – For cervical and endometrial cancer screening.
Blood Tests – To check for anemia and hormonal imbalances.
Hysteroscopy – A small camera inserted into the uterus for direct visualization.

Types of Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

There are different types of laparoscopic hysterectomies, depending on the extent of the procedure:

Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH) – Complete removal of the uterus and cervix.
Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH) – Uterus removal using both laparoscopic and vaginal techniques.
Subtotal (Supracervical) Hysterectomy – Removal of the upper part of the uterus while keeping the cervix intact.
Radical Hysterectomy – Performed for cancer cases, involving removal of the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissue, and lymph nodes.

Procedure & Recovery

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Procedure

Small incisions are made in the abdomen.
A tiny camera (laparoscope) is inserted to guide the surgery.
Surgical instruments remove the uterus while preserving surrounding structures.
The uterus is removed in sections through small incisions or vaginally.

Recovery & Postoperative Care

Hospital Stay – Usually 24 to 48 hours (shorter than open surgery).
Pain Management – Mild discomfort managed with medications.
Return to Activities – Light activities in 1-2 weeks, full recovery in 4-6 weeks.
Post-Surgical Care – Avoid heavy lifting, strenuous exercise, and sexual activity for 4-6 weeks.

Benefits of Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Minimally Invasive – Smaller incisions, reduced blood loss.
Faster Recovery – Shorter hospital stay and quicker return to daily life.
Less Pain & Scarring – Compared to traditional open surgery.
Lower Risk of Complications – Reduced infection and faster healing.

Ovarian cancer is a serious gynecological malignancy that originates in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum. It is often detected in later stages due to subtle symptoms, making early diagnosis and expert treatment crucial for better survival rates. At Primax Gastro Institute & Superspeciality Hospital, we offer comprehensive and personalized ovarian cancer treatment, using the latest medical advancements for optimal outcomes.

Causes

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk:

Genetics & Family History – BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene mutations significantly increase risk.
Age – Most cases occur in women over 50, with the highest risk after menopause.
Hormonal Factors – Early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy.
Endometriosis – A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.
Lifestyle Factors – Smoking, obesity, and a diet high in processed foods may contribute to risk.

Symptoms

Ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague and mistaken for other conditions. Common signs include:

Persistent bloating or abdominal swelling.
Pelvic or abdominal pain.
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly.
Frequent urination or bowel changes (constipation/diarrhea).
Unexplained weight loss or fatigue.
Irregular menstrual cycles or postmenopausal bleeding.

If these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, seeking medical evaluation is essential.

Diagnosis

Early detection is key for successful ovarian cancer treatment. We use advanced diagnostic techniques, including:

Pelvic Ultrasound & Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) – To detect ovarian abnormalities.
CA-125 Blood Test – Measures a protein elevated in many ovarian cancer cases.
CT Scan, MRI, or PET Scan – To assess tumor spread and staging.
Biopsy & Laparoscopy – To confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
Genetic Testing – BRCA mutation and other genetic assessments for risk evaluation.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage, type, and patient’s overall health. Our multidisciplinary approach ensures personalized care with the latest advancements in oncology.

1. Surgery for Ovarian Cancer

Surgical removal of the tumor is often the first-line treatment. Types of surgery include:

Total Hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
Debulking Surgery – Removing as much cancerous tissue as possible.
Lymph Node Dissection – To check for cancer spread.
Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Surgery – For early-stage ovarian cancer.

2. Chemotherapy & Targeted Therapy

Chemotherapy – Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery to destroy cancer cells.
Intraperitoneal (IP) Chemotherapy – Direct delivery of chemo drugs into the abdominal cavity for advanced cases.
Targeted Therapy – Advanced drugs like PARP inhibitors (Olaparib, Niraparib) and Bevacizumab (Avastin) specifically attack cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues.

3. Radiation Therapy

Used in select cases, especially when cancer is localized or for symptom relief in advanced cases.

4. Immunotherapy & Hormone Therapy

Immunotherapy – Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Hormone Therapy – Used in some ovarian cancer subtypes to block hormone-related tumor growth.

Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, originates in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a favorable prognosis.

Causes

While the exact cause is not always clear, certain factors can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer:

Hormonal Imbalance – High levels of estrogen without progesterone (e.g., during hormone replacement therapy or conditions like obesity) can lead to abnormal growth of the endometrial lining.
Age – Most cases are diagnosed in women over 50, particularly after menopause.
Obesity – Excess body fat leads to higher estrogen levels, which increases cancer risk.
Family History & Genetics – Inherited gene mutations (e.g., Lynch syndrome) can raise the risk.
Diabetes & Hypertension – These conditions, often seen alongside obesity, can also increase risk.

Symptoms

Symptoms can be vague, but common signs include:

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding – Postmenopausal bleeding or unusual bleeding between periods.
Pelvic Pain or Pressure – Pain in the pelvic area or lower abdomen.
Unexplained Weight Loss – Significant, unexplained weight loss.
Painful Urination or Intercourse – A sensation of discomfort during urination or sex.
Fatigue & General Weakness – Often seen with advanced disease.

If left untreated, endometrial cancer can spread to other parts of the body, leading to:

Spread to Lymph Nodes – Cancer may metastasize to nearby lymph nodes.
Invasion of Other Organs – It can affect the bladder, bowel, or other organs.
Risk of Uterine Rupture – In advanced cases, the cancer may cause rupture or hemorrhage.

Diagnosis

At [Your Hospital Name], we use advanced diagnostic techniques to confirm endometrial cancer:

Transvaginal Ultrasound – To examine the thickness of the endometrial lining.
Endometrial Biopsy – The most effective method for confirming cancer; tissue samples are examined for cancerous cells.
Hysteroscopy – A procedure that allows direct visualization of the uterine lining.
CT/MRI Scans – To check for spread of the cancer to other organs or lymph nodes.

Treatment

Surgical Treatment for Endometrial Cancer

Surgery is the primary treatment for endometrial cancer:

Total Hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus, cervix, and surrounding tissue.
Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy – Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes.
Lymph Node Dissection – Removal of lymph nodes if cancer has spread.

Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation – Targets the pelvic area to kill cancer cells.
- Brachytherapy – Internal radiation delivered directly to the uterus for localized treatment.
Chemotherapy
- For advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer, chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor and manage symptoms.
Hormonal Therapy
- Progestin Therapy – Hormonal treatment that may slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells, especially in cases of low-grade cancer.
Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy
- Newer therapies focus on specific molecular targets and stimulating the immune system to fight cancer.

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus (the endometrium) begins to grow outside the uterus. It can cause significant pain, especially during menstruation, and may lead to fertility issues. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Causes

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:

Retrograde Menstruation – A theory suggesting that menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity, where endometrial cells implant and grow.
Genetics – Family history increases the risk, especially if a first-degree relative has the condition.
Immune System Dysfunction – The immune system may fail to recognize endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus as abnormal.
Environmental Factors – Exposure to environmental toxins may increase the risk.

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary widely, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. Common signs include:

Pelvic Pain – Intense menstrual cramps, often worse than usual, and chronic pelvic pain.
Painful Intercourse – Discomfort or pain during or after sex.
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding – Prolonged periods or bleeding between cycles.
Painful Urination or Bowel Movements – Especially during menstruation.
Infertility – Up to 30-50% of women with endometriosis may experience difficulties getting pregnant.
Fatigue & Digestive Issues – Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating, particularly during menstruation.

If left untreated, endometriosis can lead to:

Fertility Problems – Scarring and adhesions from endometrial tissue can block fallopian tubes, leading to infertility.
Chronic Pain – Ongoing pelvic pain can significantly affect daily activities.
Ovarian Cysts – Endometriomas (cysts filled with old blood) can form on the ovaries.

Diagnosis

At [Your Hospital Name], we employ advanced diagnostic techniques to confirm endometriosis:

Pelvic Ultrasound – To detect cysts or endometrial growths.
Laparoscopy – A minimally invasive procedure to directly view and biopsy endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
MRI – To assess the extent and location of endometrial tissue growth.

Treatment

Medications for Endometriosis

The goal of medication is to relieve symptoms and reduce the growth of endometrial tissue:

Pain Relievers – Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen help manage pain.
Hormonal Therapy – Birth control pills, progestin therapy, or IUDs to reduce or stop menstrual cycles, shrinking endometrial tissue.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists – Medications that induce a temporary menopause-like state to halt the growth of endometriosis.
Aromatase Inhibitors – Block estrogen production to limit endometrial tissue growth.

Surgical Treatment for Endometriosis

Surgery may be required if medications are ineffective, or if there are complications such as ovarian cysts or infertility:

Laparoscopic Surgery – A minimally invasive procedure to remove or destroy endometrial growths and scar tissue.
Hysterectomy – In severe cases, removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes may be necessary.

Fertility Treatments

For women struggling with infertility due to endometriosis, treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may help. Surgery can also improve fertility by removing endometrial tissue and scar tissue from the pelvic cavity.

Lifestyle & Supportive Care

Lifestyle changes and holistic treatments can help manage endometriosis symptoms:

Dietary Adjustments – Anti-inflammatory foods and reducing red meat intake may help reduce symptoms.
Physical Therapy – Pelvic floor therapy to alleviate pain and improve function.
Stress Management – Techniques like yoga, acupuncture, and meditation can help manage chronic pain.

Obstetrics

Causes

While pregnancy is a natural process, several factors can influence maternal and fetal health, including:

Maternal Age – Risks increase in teenage pregnancies and mothers above 35.
Pre-existing Health Conditions – Hypertension, diabetes, or thyroid disorders can complicate pregnancy.
Genetic Factors – Family history of genetic disorders may require specialized screening.
Lifestyle Choices – Smoking, alcohol, poor diet, and stress can affect fetal development.
Infections & Environmental Factors – Exposure to certain infections and pollutants may impact pregnancy outcomes.

Symptoms

Pregnancy brings about various physical and hormonal changes. While most symptoms are normal, some may indicate underlying concerns.

Early Pregnancy Symptoms – Nausea, vomiting (morning sickness), fatigue, and mood swings.
Physical Discomforts – Back pain, swelling, heartburn, and frequent urination.
Gestational Diabetes – High blood sugar levels during pregnancy requiring dietary or medical management.
Preeclampsia – High blood pressure with swelling and protein in urine, which may require monitoring.
Preterm Labor – Contractions and labor symptoms before 37 weeks, needing urgent medical attention.

Diagnosis

At Primax Gastro Institute & Superspeciality Hospital, we provide advanced prenatal screenings and diagnostic tests to ensure maternal and fetal health, including:

Ultrasound Scans – Regular fetal growth monitoring.
Blood Tests – To detect anemia, infections, and gestational diabetes.
Genetic Screening – Tests for chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome, thalassemia, etc.).
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring – Ensuring proper oxygen supply to the baby.
Amniocentesis & Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) – For high-risk pregnancies requiring genetic analysis.

Treatment

Prenatal Care & Pregnancy Management
- Routine antenatal checkups to monitor mother and baby.
- Personalized diet and nutrition plans for a healthy pregnancy.
- Management of high-risk pregnancies with specialized care.
Labor & Delivery Services
- Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD) – Encouraging natural childbirth whenever possible.
- Cesarean Section (C-Section) – Safe surgical delivery for medical indications.
- Painless Delivery (Epidural Anesthesia) – Pain relief options during labor.
Postpartum & Newborn Care
- Recovery support, breastfeeding guidance, and emotional well-being assistance.
- Neonatal care for newborns requiring special attention.

Laparoscopic Hysterectomies

Causes

A hysterectomy may be recommended for various gynecological conditions, including:

Uterine Fibroids – Noncancerous growths that cause heavy bleeding and pain.
Endometriosis – Abnormal tissue growth outside the uterus, leading to pain and infertility.
Chronic Pelvic Pain – Severe pain due to gynecological disorders.
Uterine Prolapse – When the uterus descends into the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic muscles.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding – Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding unresponsive to medication.
Gynecologic Cancers – Such as uterine, cervical, or ovarian cancer in certain cases.

Symptoms

Patients experiencing the following symptoms may require surgical intervention:

Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
Severe pelvic pain and cramping.
Painful intercourse.
Frequent urination or pressure on the bladder.
Difficulty in bowel movements due to pelvic pressure.

Diagnosis

At Primax Gastro Institute & Superspeciality Hospital, we conduct a thorough diagnostic evaluation before recommending surgery:

Pelvic Ultrasound & MRI – To assess fibroids, endometriosis, and uterine abnormalities.
Pap Smear & Biopsy – For cervical and endometrial cancer screening.
Blood Tests – To check for anemia and hormonal imbalances.
Hysteroscopy – A small camera inserted into the uterus for direct visualization.

Types of Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

There are different types of laparoscopic hysterectomies, depending on the extent of the procedure:

Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH) – Complete removal of the uterus and cervix.
Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH) – Uterus removal using both laparoscopic and vaginal techniques.
Subtotal (Supracervical) Hysterectomy – Removal of the upper part of the uterus while keeping the cervix intact.
Radical Hysterectomy – Performed for cancer cases, involving removal of the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissue, and lymph nodes.

Procedure & Recovery

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Procedure

Small incisions are made in the abdomen.
A tiny camera (laparoscope) is inserted to guide the surgery.
Surgical instruments remove the uterus while preserving surrounding structures.
The uterus is removed in sections through small incisions or vaginally.

Recovery & Postoperative Care

Hospital Stay – Usually 24 to 48 hours (shorter than open surgery).
Pain Management – Mild discomfort managed with medications.
Return to Activities – Light activities in 1-2 weeks, full recovery in 4-6 weeks.
Post-Surgical Care – Avoid heavy lifting, strenuous exercise, and sexual activity for 4-6 weeks.

Benefits of Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Minimally Invasive – Smaller incisions, reduced blood loss.
Faster Recovery – Shorter hospital stay and quicker return to daily life.
Less Pain & Scarring – Compared to traditional open surgery.
Lower Risk of Complications – Reduced infection and faster healing.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Causes

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk:

Genetics & Family History – BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene mutations significantly increase risk.
Age – Most cases occur in women over 50, with the highest risk after menopause.
Hormonal Factors – Early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy.
Endometriosis – A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.
Lifestyle Factors – Smoking, obesity, and a diet high in processed foods may contribute to risk.

Symptoms

Ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague and mistaken for other conditions. Common signs include:

Persistent bloating or abdominal swelling.
Pelvic or abdominal pain.
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly.
Frequent urination or bowel changes (constipation/diarrhea).
Unexplained weight loss or fatigue.
Irregular menstrual cycles or postmenopausal bleeding.

If these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, seeking medical evaluation is essential.

Diagnosis

Early detection is key for successful ovarian cancer treatment. We use advanced diagnostic techniques, including:

Pelvic Ultrasound & Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) – To detect ovarian abnormalities.
CA-125 Blood Test – Measures a protein elevated in many ovarian cancer cases.
CT Scan, MRI, or PET Scan – To assess tumor spread and staging.
Biopsy & Laparoscopy – To confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
Genetic Testing – BRCA mutation and other genetic assessments for risk evaluation.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage, type, and patient’s overall health. Our multidisciplinary approach ensures personalized care with the latest advancements in oncology.

1. Surgery for Ovarian Cancer

Surgical removal of the tumor is often the first-line treatment. Types of surgery include:

Total Hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
Debulking Surgery – Removing as much cancerous tissue as possible.
Lymph Node Dissection – To check for cancer spread.
Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Surgery – For early-stage ovarian cancer.

2. Chemotherapy & Targeted Therapy

Chemotherapy – Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery to destroy cancer cells.
Intraperitoneal (IP) Chemotherapy – Direct delivery of chemo drugs into the abdominal cavity for advanced cases.
Targeted Therapy – Advanced drugs like PARP inhibitors (Olaparib, Niraparib) and Bevacizumab (Avastin) specifically attack cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues.

3. Radiation Therapy

Used in select cases, especially when cancer is localized or for symptom relief in advanced cases.

4. Immunotherapy & Hormone Therapy

Immunotherapy – Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Hormone Therapy – Used in some ovarian cancer subtypes to block hormone-related tumor growth.

Endometrial Cancer

Causes

While the exact cause is not always clear, certain factors can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer:

Hormonal Imbalance – High levels of estrogen without progesterone (e.g., during hormone replacement therapy or conditions like obesity) can lead to abnormal growth of the endometrial lining.
Age – Most cases are diagnosed in women over 50, particularly after menopause.
Obesity – Excess body fat leads to higher estrogen levels, which increases cancer risk.
Family History & Genetics – Inherited gene mutations (e.g., Lynch syndrome) can raise the risk.
Diabetes & Hypertension – These conditions, often seen alongside obesity, can also increase risk.

Symptoms

Symptoms can be vague, but common signs include:

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding – Postmenopausal bleeding or unusual bleeding between periods.
Pelvic Pain or Pressure – Pain in the pelvic area or lower abdomen.
Unexplained Weight Loss – Significant, unexplained weight loss.
Painful Urination or Intercourse – A sensation of discomfort during urination or sex.
Fatigue & General Weakness – Often seen with advanced disease.

If left untreated, endometrial cancer can spread to other parts of the body, leading to:

Spread to Lymph Nodes – Cancer may metastasize to nearby lymph nodes.
Invasion of Other Organs – It can affect the bladder, bowel, or other organs.
Risk of Uterine Rupture – In advanced cases, the cancer may cause rupture or hemorrhage.

Diagnosis

At [Your Hospital Name], we use advanced diagnostic techniques to confirm endometrial cancer:

Transvaginal Ultrasound – To examine the thickness of the endometrial lining.
Endometrial Biopsy – The most effective method for confirming cancer; tissue samples are examined for cancerous cells.
Hysteroscopy – A procedure that allows direct visualization of the uterine lining.
CT/MRI Scans – To check for spread of the cancer to other organs or lymph nodes.

Treatment

Surgical Treatment for Endometrial Cancer

Surgery is the primary treatment for endometrial cancer:

Total Hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus, cervix, and surrounding tissue.
Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy – Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes.
Lymph Node Dissection – Removal of lymph nodes if cancer has spread.

Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation – Targets the pelvic area to kill cancer cells.
- Brachytherapy – Internal radiation delivered directly to the uterus for localized treatment.
Chemotherapy
- For advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer, chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor and manage symptoms.
Hormonal Therapy
- Progestin Therapy – Hormonal treatment that may slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells, especially in cases of low-grade cancer.
Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy
- Newer therapies focus on specific molecular targets and stimulating the immune system to fight cancer.

Endometriosis

Causes

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:

Retrograde Menstruation – A theory suggesting that menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity, where endometrial cells implant and grow.
Genetics – Family history increases the risk, especially if a first-degree relative has the condition.
Immune System Dysfunction – The immune system may fail to recognize endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus as abnormal.
Environmental Factors – Exposure to environmental toxins may increase the risk.

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary widely, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. Common signs include:

Pelvic Pain – Intense menstrual cramps, often worse than usual, and chronic pelvic pain.
Painful Intercourse – Discomfort or pain during or after sex.
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding – Prolonged periods or bleeding between cycles.
Painful Urination or Bowel Movements – Especially during menstruation.
Infertility – Up to 30-50% of women with endometriosis may experience difficulties getting pregnant.
Fatigue & Digestive Issues – Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating, particularly during menstruation.

If left untreated, endometriosis can lead to:

Fertility Problems – Scarring and adhesions from endometrial tissue can block fallopian tubes, leading to infertility.
Chronic Pain – Ongoing pelvic pain can significantly affect daily activities.
Ovarian Cysts – Endometriomas (cysts filled with old blood) can form on the ovaries.

Diagnosis

At [Your Hospital Name], we employ advanced diagnostic techniques to confirm endometriosis:

Pelvic Ultrasound – To detect cysts or endometrial growths.
Laparoscopy – A minimally invasive procedure to directly view and biopsy endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
MRI – To assess the extent and location of endometrial tissue growth.

Treatment

Medications for Endometriosis

The goal of medication is to relieve symptoms and reduce the growth of endometrial tissue:

Pain Relievers – Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen help manage pain.
Hormonal Therapy – Birth control pills, progestin therapy, or IUDs to reduce or stop menstrual cycles, shrinking endometrial tissue.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists – Medications that induce a temporary menopause-like state to halt the growth of endometriosis.
Aromatase Inhibitors – Block estrogen production to limit endometrial tissue growth.

Surgical Treatment for Endometriosis

Surgery may be required if medications are ineffective, or if there are complications such as ovarian cysts or infertility:

Laparoscopic Surgery – A minimally invasive procedure to remove or destroy endometrial growths and scar tissue.
Hysterectomy – In severe cases, removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes may be necessary.

Fertility Treatments

Lifestyle & Supportive Care

Lifestyle changes and holistic treatments can help manage endometriosis symptoms:

Dietary Adjustments – Anti-inflammatory foods and reducing red meat intake may help reduce symptoms.
Physical Therapy – Pelvic floor therapy to alleviate pain and improve function.
Stress Management – Techniques like yoga, acupuncture, and meditation can help manage chronic pain.